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飓风过后重建沿海社区是复杂的,可能会改变一个地方的特征

  

  

  佛罗里达州马蹄铁海滩(美联社)——在飓风“伊达利亚”袭击佛罗里达州西北部的一个小渔村之前,68岁的查尔斯·朗正在为他和他的妻子修理一套两居室的房子。8月的暴风雨过后,他在附近的运河和邻居的房子里发现了一些残留物。

  根据他得到的一份估计,按照规范要求,用高跷重建一座新房子,将花费45万美元。他负担不起。相反,他正在马蹄铁海滩(Horseshoe Beach)为一辆他打算攒钱买的休闲车建一个杆子谷仓。

  Retired pipe fitter Charles Long, 68, uses a borrowed mini excavator to put metal grating over a new septic field, as he converts his property into a pole barn for parking an RV, after the family vacation home he was fixing up to live in was swept away in last summer's Hurricane Idalia, Saturday, May 11, 2024, in Horseshoe Beach, Fla. To rebuild a new home elevated on stilts, as code requires, would cost $450,000, according to one estimate he got. He can't afford that. Instead, he's building a pole barn to live in a camper he is saving up to buy. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)

  2024年5月11日星期六,佛罗里达州马蹄铁海滩,68岁的退休管道工查尔斯·朗(Charles Long)用借来的小型挖掘机在一个新的化粪池上安装金属栅栏,他正在把自己的房子改造成一个停放房车的杆棚,此前他正在修理的家庭度假屋被去年夏天的飓风“伊达利亚”(Hurricane Idalia)卷走。(美联社图片/Rebecca Blackwell)

  如果今年再来一次飓风,“我要把这里所有的东西都滚出去”,朗紧张地咯咯笑着说,脸上满是汗水。

  对于像朗这样的人来说,极端天气灾害后的重建可能是一个漫长而昂贵的过程。美国政府已经投入了数十亿美元用于帮助建设抗灾能力的项目。但随着气候变化的影响日益威胁到沿海社区,专家们表示,保护它们变得越来越困难和复杂。

  FILE - An empty lot, left, is all that remains where the two-bedroom vacation home that retired pipe fitter Charles Long had been fixing up to live in full time with his wife once stood, in Horseshoe Beach, Fla., Thursday, Aug. 31, 2023, one day after the passage of Hurricane Idalia. As the 2024 hurricane season began in June, Long's vision for his retired life in Horseshoe had been forced to shift, and he was putting the finishing touches on a pole barn and utility hookups to be ready for the camper he was saving up to buy. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell, File)

  档案——佛罗里达州马蹄滩(Horseshoe Beach),退休管道工查尔斯·朗(Charles Long)为了和妻子一起全职生活,一直在修缮两居室度假屋,如今这里只剩下一片空地。2023年8月31日,星期四,飓风“伊达利亚”经过的第二天。(美联社图片/丽贝卡·布莱克威尔)

  对许多人来说,在高跷上建一所新房子要花费数万美元,再加上建造房子还要花费数十万美元,这让他们望而却步。不断上升的保险费率也是如此。复原力计划还必须解决洪水、侵蚀、风暴加剧和海平面上升的综合影响。

  没有放之四海而皆准的方法——每个社区都有不同的优先级和威胁暴露。无论是采用基于自然的解决方案还是建造海堤来抵御洪水,每一种都将对生态系统、海岸线通道和社区特征产生间接影响。

  哥伦比亚气候学院弹性沿海社区项目主任保罗·加莱(Paul Gallay)说,考虑到所有因素,整体设计提出了“一个邪恶的问题”。

  “你想让社区得到很好的保护,但你也想保护那些让它们充满活力和值得居住的东西,”他说。

  Darlene, right, and Mike Barrs, left, pass the time with brother-in-law Brian Hepworth outside the pair of trailers where the Lake City couple reside on weekdays, Friday, May 10, 2024, in Horseshoe Beach, Fla. The Barrs love the relaxed indoor/outdoor trailer lifestyle in Horseshoe, with boat trips to fish and scallop and their children and grandchildren coming to visit regularly. In last year's Hurricane Idalia, the Barrs lost a screened-in porch they had built along the canal and several of their immediate neighbors lost homes. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)

  2024年5月10日,星期五,佛罗里达州马蹄滩,达琳(右)和迈克·巴尔斯(左)与姐夫布莱恩·赫普沃斯在一对拖车外消磨时间。(美联社图片/Rebecca Blackwell)

  Patrons eat lunch at The Shrimp Boat, the only restaurant in Horseshoe Beach, Fla., which reopened about two months after being flooded with several feet of water during last summer's Hurricane Idalia, Friday, May 10, 2024. There's no one-size-fits all approach to making coastal communities more resilient to the effects of climate change.

  顾客们在佛罗里达州马蹄铁海滩唯一的餐厅The Shrimp Boat吃午餐。2024年5月10日,星期五,在去年夏天的飓风“伊达利亚”中,该公园被几英尺高的水淹没,大约两个月后重新开放。(美联社图片/Rebecca Blackwell)

  这并不容易。天气灾害和气候适应性基础设施之后的再开发可能会在不经意间触发、加速或促成中产阶级化,就像2008年飓风“艾克”之后德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿和2005年飓风“卡特里娜”之后的新奥尔良所发生的那样。房产价值和生活成本可能会上升,导致居民流离失所,并改变社区的审美。

  在马蹄铁(Horseshoe),飓风“伊达利亚”(Hurricane Idalia)袭击11个月后,这里的恢复工作仍在进行中。一些居民担心,如果有人决定出售房屋,开发商和有能力按规范建造房屋的较富裕的新来者会把他们赶出去。

  “每个人都担心……马蹄形正在改变,”居民兼市议员布鲁克·希尔斯说。“他们不希望飓风让每个人都卖掉房子,把它变成一个商业化的、繁忙的地方。”但她觉得这一天会到来,“我只是不知道什么时候,”她说。

  Town council member council member Brooke Hiers talks about the effect which Hurricane Idalia and other storms have had on Horseshoe Beach, Fla., as she drives through town, Wednesday, May 8, 2024.

  市议会成员Brooke Hiers谈论飓风Idalia和其他风暴对佛罗里达州马蹄海滩的影响。2024年5月8日,星期三,她开车穿过小镇。(美联社图片/Rebecca Blackwell)

  FILE - Jim, right, and Sally Johnson survey the damage to their waterfront home, stilted to older code height requirements, in Horseshoe Beach, Fla., Sept. 1, 2023, two days after the passage of Hurricane Idalia. Whether sacrificing a beach for a seawall or using nature-based solutions like wetlands that buffer against extreme weather, coastal communities are facing the increasingly difficult choice between staying and going. They're asking themselves

  档案——吉姆(右)和莎莉·约翰逊(Sally Johnson)正在调查他们位于佛罗里达州马蹄铁海滩的海滨住宅的受损情况。2023年9月1日,飓风“伊达利亚”经过两天后。(美联社图片/丽贝卡·布莱克威尔)

  Jim Johnson sits atop the railing at the entrance to his stilted home in Horseshoe Beach, Fla., Wednesday, May 8, 2024. While Hurricane Idalia storm surge damaged the stairs and downstairs utility room and sheared off part of the waterfront balcony sheared off, the Johnsons were relieved that the damage wasn't great enough for FEMA to require them to raise the house on higher stilts to meet current code requirements. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)

  吉姆·约翰逊(Jim Johnson)坐在他位于佛罗里达州马蹄滩(Horseshoe Beach)的吊脚楼入口处的栏杆上。2024年5月8日,星期三。(美联社图片/Rebecca Blackwell)

  资金、住房项目和其他州和联邦资源可以帮助飓风幸存者重建,但它们通常是临时解决方案,需要时间才能获得,不能完全解决长期住房挑战,比如负担能力。

  美国联邦紧急事务管理局(Federal Emergency Management Agency)协调官员约翰·布罗根(John Brogan)表示,他们已经向近3.6万名爱达荷州的受害者提供了8300多万美元的赠款。

  他说,对于迄今为止避免极端天气事件的社区来说,重要的是了解他们现在可以做的缓解项目,以便在大风暴来袭时做好准备。“这些事件还会继续发生,”布罗根说,“尤其是对这些沿海社区。”

  Recreational fishermen launch their boats from a ramp in Horseshoe Beach, Fla., Saturday, May 11, 2024. As the impacts of climate change increasingly threaten coastal communities, experts say protecting them is getting harder and more complex. The tens of thousands of dollars it can cost to perch a new home on stilts, plus the hundreds of thousands more to build the house, is cost prohibitive for many people. So are the rising rates of insurance. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)

  在佛罗里达州的马蹄铁海滩,休闲渔民将他们的船从坡道上下水。2024年5月11日,星期六。(美联社图片/Rebecca Blackwell)

  海平面上升和风暴加剧正在侵蚀海岸线和破坏社区。研究表明,墨西哥湾的海水正在以比全球海洋更快的速度上升和变暖——温暖的海水加剧了风暴。老旧和老化的基础设施正在努力跟上。

  无论是牺牲海滩来建造海堤,还是使用湿地等基于自然的解决方案来缓冲极端天气,沿海社区正面临着留下还是离开的越来越困难的选择。

  他们在问自己“我们是否可以保护现有的基础设施,如果我们这样做——这也是一个问题,显然海洋是非常强大的——保护多久,付出多大的代价,”大自然保护协会加州分会的气候恢复项目主任艾丽莎·曼恩说。

  Residents gather at Horseshoe Point, known locally as

  居民们聚集在佛罗里达州的马蹄滩(Horseshoe Beach)观看日落,这里在当地被称为“The Point”。2024年5月8日,星期三。(美联社图片/Rebecca Blackwell)

  对于选择留在海边的人来说,告知他们沿海社区将面临的风险至关重要。

  马蹄铁市市长杰夫·威廉姆斯表示:“生活在天堂是有代价的。”“好东西总有不好的一面。”

  美联社在水和环境政策方面的报道得到了沃尔顿家族基金会的支持。美联社对所有内容全权负责。有关美联社的所有环境报道,请访问https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment

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